The existence of three-dimensional effects at cracks has been known for many years, but understanding has been limited, and for some situations still is.Understanding improved when the existence of corner point singularities and their implications became known.Increasingly powerful computers made it possible to investigate three-dimensional effects… Read More

Permian bolosaurid parareptiles are well-known for having complex tooth crowns and complete tooth rows in the jaws, in contrast to the comparatively simple teeth and frequent replacement gaps in all other Paleozoic amniotes.Analysis of the specialized dentition of the bolosaurid parareptiles Bolosaurus from North America and Belebey from Russia, ut… Read More

Improvements in technology have made it possible to conduct genome-wide association mapping at costs within reach of academic investigators, and experiments are currently being conducted with a variety of high-throughput platforms.To provide an appropriate context for interpreting results of such studies, we summarize here results of an investigati… Read More

Mastitis caused by bacterial infection has negative impacts on milk quality and animal health, and ultimately causes economic losses to the dairy industry worldwide.Gram-negative bacteria and their component lipopolysaccharide (LPS) can trigger the inflammatory response of endothelial cells (ECs) and subsequently promote EC dysfunction or injury, w… Read More